BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY ON NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE GREAT WAR.

David R. Facey-Crowther Professor (Ret’d)

Memorial University of Newfoundland

War, Memory and Commemoration in Newfoundland: Introduction

Any study of warfare requires a familiarity with the narrative account, the barebones record of what happened and the historian’s effort to make sense out of the chaos and unpredictability of human conflict. Beyond the narratives are the critical appraisals of leadership, the detailed analysis of battles and campaigns, the larger study of strategy and tactics. Individual soldier’s experiences have always been a by-product of the story of war and allow historians to see warfare from a different perspective. G.W.L. Nicholson’s The Fighting Newfoundlander (1964) already recorded the experience of Newfoundland in the Great War so the narrative account already existed when I began to write. What interested me most were the soldier’s accounts of the war and the way in which they remembered and relayed that experience in their diaries and memoirs. From that I moved on to the way in which the war was remembered and commemorated as the Newfoundland experience had to that point not been examined by scholars. War, memory and commemoration are the themes which interested me most in my own study of Newfoundland’s war effort and these are the ones explored in this bibliographic essay. I have taken the liberty of relating my work and indeed that of other historians of the Great War into a broader study of how the history of warfare has changed since the event itself. What interested me at the time was also current in the literature. I could see that what occurred in the Newfoundland experience had parallels elsewhere and that my conclusions reflected in general those of others working in the field. I have done what I could to drawn upon as many local sources as possible in developing this essay. It is not a complete list by any means as I felt it would not be right to comment on works I had not read or consulted at the time of writing or have become familiar with since retirement. My hope is that this essay will be of use to those working on Newfoundland’s war history and that it might be expanded upon by others with an interest in the subject.

War and the historical record. Interpretations of the Past

Note: the works referred to below are by no means exhaustive nor do they include all lines of enquiry that have been explored by military historians since the First World War. They simply represent key works that I found of value in my own study and which may be useful for those working in the field here in Newfoundland.

The historiography of the First World War began when the war did and continues on until the present day. On the most basic level it began with a running commentary in the press. Oxford University’s Why We Are at War (1914) sought to present Britain’s care for entry as just and the only possible response to German aggression. Subsequent official publications, such as Britain’s Blue Book, attempted to add clarity and further justification for Britain’s entry with supporting correspondence and documents. Neither said much about the public’s feeling or response to the war. Winston Churchill’s The World Crisis (1921-31) sought above all to justify his own actions. Charles a Court Repington, who had served in Britain’s pre-war army but was better known as a very popular if not controversial war correspondent for The Times, authored two volumes on the war, The First World War (1920) and After the War (1922) His writing offered a broader perspective and insights into private conversations at the highest level. Basil Liddell Hart’s The Real War (1930) also titled History of the First World War was the first to detail the reality of war, based on his own experiences. For the most part, the 1920s and 1930s brought on a large number of memoirs as well as regimental histories, the latter is often accurate but generally dry history. Much of this earlier writing, except for that by participants, was limited in the resources available. A fifty-year rule imposed by most archives kept documents and other relevant sources under lock and key until the mid-1960s.

The 1960s led to a number of popular works on the First War. Pulitzer Prize winner and self-taught historian Barbara Tuchman’s The Guns of August (1962) was a detailed analysis of the first month of the war with vivid descriptions of the military errors and miscalculations that led inevitably to the long stalemate of trench warfare. Alan Clark’s The Donkeys (1961) was an attack on generalship, an assault on the leadership of Sir Douglas Haig. Lacking intellectual rigour it was condemned by some historians but remembered for the phrase: ”lions led by donkeys.” A. J. P. Taylor edited the popular The First World War: An Illustrated History, (1962) followed by his War by Timetable (1969) a critical look at the pre-war planning that led inevitably to stalemate on the Western Front. While much writing in the 1960s and 1970s focused on World War II and later Vietnam, popular histories of the Great War continued to be written, most notably by a new generation of historians like Lyn Macdonald. They Called it Passchendaele (1978) was followed by a number of other critically acclaimed works including The Roses of No Man’s Land (1980) on the nursing services. The first comprehensive study on the war, by Scottish military historian Sir Hew Strachan, The First World War, came out in 2004. It remains, for the moment at least, the definitive study on the war. Now, with the centenary well underway we can expect a wave of new works, scholarly and popular, designed to inform as well as entertain.

Writing on the war in Newfoundland follows a somewhat similar path. Local papers carried a daily commentary to which were added the regular submissions to the St. John’s Daily News by Mayo Lind. These were supplemented by a number of early accounts on the Newfoundland Regiment’s role in war. John Gallishaw’s, Trenching in Gallipoli (1916) personal narrative on his experiences in the ill-fated campaign in Gallipoli, was among the first of many reminiscences that would follow after the war. Richard Cramm, The First Five Hundred (1921) provided short biographical histories of each of the first five hundred to serve with the famed Blue Puttees. It was patriotic, it was eulogistic, and highlighted the ”high spirit of patriotism and courage that carried the Newfoundland Regiment through a glorious record.” Captain (Reverend) Thomas Nangle, The Trail of the Caribou (1918) was a record of the regiment’s principal engagements and became a springboard for his later efforts to commemorate the nation’s war effort with memorials in Europe as well as the National Memorial in St. John’s. Frank Lind, The Letters of Mayo Lind (1919) brought together the collection of articles sent by Lind to the Daily News. They ended with his death at Beaumont Hamel. Leo C. Murphy’s ”Newfoundland’s Part in the Great War” (1927) in The Book of Newfoundland and Sir Charles Lucas’ two volume study The Empire at War (1923) placed Newfoundland’s wartime contribution in a broader imperial context and focused on the enormous cost of the war to the island’s small population and overstretched economy. But as Lucas concluded: ”Its war record was one of patriotism and courage. It upheld, and added lustre to, the traditions of the past.” This earlier record, limited in the number of publications, was largely motivated by the ideals of the generation that produced it. They were patriotic, imbued with notions of self-sacrifice, a noble cause, a strong sense of community. The same applied to the lengthy record of war experiences that found their way into The Veteran Magazine and which became for the inter-war period the accepted narrative of the country’s war effort. These were the first-hand accounts of those who had served and survived. But they were, as Winston Churchill commented on his own The World Crisis, ”not history, but a contribution to history.” And indeed they were. They were to be an important source for GWL Nicholson’s definitive official history The Fighting Newfoundlander (1964, 2006) Nicholson’s history fitted well into a developing wave of interest in the war that marked the 50^th anniversary but also the opening up of British and Canadian archives governed by the 50-year rule.

Nicholson’s research was thorough and based on an examination of the war diaries, official records, memoirs, interviews, and visits to the battle sites. Nicholson has been with the Historical Branch of the Canadian Army and was well versed in the history of the First World War. The Fighting Newfoundlander remains the best history we have of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment in that war. Much has been written since then adding to the record, fleshing out detail and increasing our understanding of the wider impact of the war, on individuals and on the country itself. They include: Joy Cave’s What Became of Corporal Pittman? (1976); Kevin Major, No Man’s Land (1976); James D. Atwater, ”Echoes and Voices Summoned from a half-hour in hell”, Smithsonian (1987); David McFarlane, The Danger Tree: Memory, War and the Search for a Family’s Past (2000); Tony Murphy and Paul Kenney, The Trail of the Caribou: Newfoundland in the Great War, 1914-18 (1991); Christopher A. Sharpe ”Historical Atlas of Canada Vol III, Plate 16 and his article on ””’The Race of Honour’: An analysis of Enlistment and Casualties in the Armed Forces of Newfoundland: 1914-1918” Newfoundland Studies (1988): David Parsons’ Pilgrimage: a Guide to the Royal Newfoundland Regiment in World War I (1994); Martin Middlebrook, The First Day on the Somme: 1 July 1916 (1984). As we approach the 100^th anniversary of the conflict there have been a plethora of publications including memoirs and diaries, notably, David R. Facey-Crowther (ed) Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment (2001); Sydney Frost, A Blue Puttee at War (2014) Gary Browne and Darrin McGrath, Soldier Priest in the Killing Fields of Europe (2006), Bert Riggs, Grand Bank Soldier: the war letters of Lance Corporal Curtis Forsey (2007); Bert Riggs and William Rompkey (Eds), Your Daughter, Fanny: the war letters of Frances Cluett VAD (2006) and a reprinting of Gallishaw’s Trenching in Gallipoli and Nicholson’s Fighting Newfoundlander with a new introduction that I wrote.

Beginning with John Keegan’s seminal study The Face of Battle (1976) a number of military historians shifted their interest away from battle narratives and the analysis of strategy and tactics to the chaos and unpredictability of war and its impact on the ordinary soldier. As a result, we are now much more familiar with the hardships and traumas faced by front line soldier than we ever were. Entwined with this new form of historical study was an awareness of how memory and remembering plays out in the recollection of war experience. Paul Fussell’s The Great War and Modern Memory (1977) is about literary criticism and the cultural history of war. Fussell argued that the evidence of experience was a new way to examine and understand modern warfare and the First World War in particular. In this he helped us reformulate existing ways of understanding the past. Others followed suit with a changed perspective on the war that restored the inherent value of diaries, memoirs and personal narratives: Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War in English Culture (1991), Sandra Gwyn, Tapestry of War: A Private View of Canadians in the Great War (1992), Dorothy Kogl, ”The Myth of the War Experience”, Relevance (1992/3), Eric J. Leed, No Man’s Land: Combat & Identify in World War I (1979), Lyn Macdonald, 1914-1918. Voices & Images of the Great War (1993), Jonathan Vance, Death so Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War (1995), Denis Winter Death’s Men: Soldiers of the Great War (1987); Tim Cook, ”Literary Memorials’: The Great War Regimental Histories, 1919-1939” Journal of the Canadian Historical Association Vol 13 (2002) and Jonathan Vance’s ”The Soldier as Novelist: Literature, History and the Great War”, Canadian Literature (2003).

Those writing on Newfoundland and the Great War showed a similar bent towards examining the soldier’s experience in a more critical way. Apart from some of my own writing, there appeared a number of scholarly articles and theses that showed that shift. Elizabeth Russell Miller, Arms and the Newfoundlander: Poetry of the Great War (1994) Andrew Parson’s MA thesis ”Morale and Cohesion in the Newfoundland Regiment” (1995); Douglas Graham Day’s Honours thesis ”A Well Run Dry: The Royal Newfoundland Regiment and the Conscription Crisis of 1917-1918” (1981); P. Whitney Lackenbauer ”War, Memory and the Newfoundland Regiment at Gallipoli”, Journal of Newfoundland Studies (1999). In 1998, Memorial University of Newfoundland hosted conference on Newfoundland and the Great War with Paul Fussell as the keynote speaker. His address was titled, ”The Fortunate Fall of the Newfoundland Regiment”, an allusion to John Milton’s Paradise Lost. (The conference produced a number of papers which, regrettably, were not published. I have taken the liberty of listing them in this bibliography and making copies available to the Centre for Newfoundland Studies.) For years Bert Riggs with the Archives, Centre for Newfoundland Studies, Memorial University of Newfoundland, has contributed brief biographies of regimental members under the title ”Relevance” in the Newfoundland Quarterly. Most recently, in 2014, as part of its commemoration of the 100^th anniversary of World War I, Newfoundland and Labrador Studies with the Faculty of Arts at Memorial University of Newfoundland has published Essays on the Great War, a number of which deal with soldier’s experience.

Studies on individual memory led directly to collective memory and how the war was remembered, commemorated and memorialized. Northrup Frye in his Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957) wrote: ”The Culture of the past…is not only the memory of mankind, but our own buried life…study of it leads to a recognition scene, a discovery in which we see, not our past lives, but the total cultural form of our present life”. Mass death on the scale of the First World War and its impact on the countries involved has created a body of literature that examines the way nations remember and commemorate the war. These studies show how a mythological, culturally negotiated version of events, grounded in the collective memory, replaced individual recollections with a dominant narrative that helped make sense of the chaos of war and the carnage it produced. Thus there exists in the post-war period not only individual memory – such a recalled by those who actually served in the conflict – but a group memory that existed outside of and beyond the lives of the individuals involved. In consequence the individual’s recollections of the event become strongly identified with the group consciousness. This is particularly the case in the way in which war is commemorated and in the language of remembrance.

Writing on war and remembrance began in earnest in the 1990s with a number of seminal studies on the subject. John R. Gilles, ”Memory and Identity: The History of a relationship” in Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity (1994), James Fentress and Chris Wickham Social Memory (1992), Adrian Gregory, The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day, 1919-46 (1994), Maurice Hobsbawn ”Introduction, Inventing Tradition” in Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger (eds) The Invention of Tradition (1995) Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory (1993), Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War in English culture (1991). Jay Winter’s Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (1995), Robert Shipley, To Mark Our Place: A History of Canadian War Memorials (1987) Most are cultural historians examining the way in which war leaves its footprint on a nation’s history and culture. Not all are in agreement on how this should be interpreted. Some see a strong connection between commemoration and national identity in which the former serves in the development of the latter. I am inclined to see commemoration in that light.

A dominant narrative emerged out of the language of remembrance and commemoration. Grappling with mass death on an unprecedented scale and in some instances for the first time meant recourse to more traditional forms of solace and comfort, the language of bereavement that tried to make sense of death and to remember in positive terms the essence of lives lost. The language of remembrance was both metaphorical and emotive, grounded in traditional forms. In a sense it mirrored values and traditions that some, notably Paul Fussell and Modris Ekstein, thought were rendered archaic by the new language of modernity. The dead moved into the realm of legend, transformed by their ”sacrifice” into heroic individuals and stirring examples of purposeful death. For Newfoundlanders and that wartime generation, the slaughter at Beaumont Hamel came to typify the supreme sacrifice and eventually to symbolize the national character in the heroism of those involved. Memorial Day and the ceremonies of remembrance on each July 1^st reinforced that image in the heroic language used from which emerged those attributes that defined the nation, its character and its people.

The memorials scattered across Newfoundland, were reminders of heroic sacrifice. The ”Trail of the Caribou” recorded in caribou statues erected across the battle ground in which the regiment served marked its progress and its triumphs on the Western Front. The erection of a National War Memorial in St. John’s in the presence of the controversial but revered Sir Douglas Haig, and the purchase of the very ground on which the regiment was virtually destroyed in the blood bath of the Beaumont Hamel on 1 July 1916 were all visible shrines to what a small nation had achieved and at what cost. See Robert J. Harding, ”Glorious Tragedy: Newfoundland’s Cultural Memory of the Battle of Beaumont Hamel, 1916-1939”, Bert Riggs, ”Cast in Metal, Carved in Stone: The Building of Newfoundland’s National War Memorial” (1998)

The story is by no means complete as historians continue to grapple with a complex subject that touches on many other aspects of historical enquiry. The First World War shaped much of the 20^th century and had a profound effect on this province when it was yet a small independent country. The war left its economy in ruins, it had lost the cream of its youth, and much of the population was struggling just to survive. The hard reality that followed was national indebtedness and the loss of legislative independence. And yet this is not the way that Newfoundlanders remembered the war. What mattered was that Britain’s oldest colony had answered the call to arms, had served with distinction over the course of the war, and had been acknowledged for what it had achieved and had in appropriate manner remembered its war dead. The annual Memorial Day commemoration and acts of remembrance embraced a different reality, one steeped in the comforting language of faith and employing images familiar to a generation whose ideals survived the horrors of modern warfare.

Published Works

Note: This list is not exhaustive and only includes published work and other sources that I used at the time and a number I have consulted subsequently.

A Short History of Newfoundland and Labrador (2008)

Williamson, Henry A Soldier's Diary of the Great War. London: Faber & Gwyer, 1929

”Ancient Colonials at the War” in Harry A. Cuff and Cyril F. Poole (eds) The Newfoundland Quarterly: 75^th Anniversary Issue. 1975

Alexander, David ”Newfoundland’s Traditional Economy and Development to 1934,” in James Hiller and Peter Neary (eds) Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Essays in Interpretation, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980),

Armageddon Road: A VC's Diary, 1914-16. Billy Congreve. Edited by Terry Norman. London: William Kimber, 1982.

At Suvla Bay: Being the Notes and Sketches of Scenes, Characters and Adventures of the Dardanelles Campaign made by John Hargrave ("White Fox") while serving with the 32nd Field Ambulance, X Division, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, During the Great War . London: Constable & Company Ltd., 1916

Atwater, James D. ”Echoes and Voices Summoned from a half-hour in hell”, Smithsonian , (November, 1987)

Boon, Sonja, ”A real record for all time": Newfoundland and Great War official history” Essays on the Great War : papers published in Newfoundland and Labrador studies : a special publication of Newfoundland and Labrador studies in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of WWI (2014).

Bourke, Joanna, Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain and the Great War . London: Reaktion Books, 1996

Chadwick, John,Newfoundland: Island into Province, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Cave, Joy B., What Became of Corporal Pittman? (Portugal Cove: Breakwater Books, 1976

Churchill, Jason L. ”The Loyal Orange Association in World War I,” Newfoundland Quarterly. Vol. XIC, No.1 Spring 1997

Coaker, William, ‘Article IV’ Past, Present and Future: Being a Series of Articles Contributed to the Fishermen’s Advocate (Port Union, 1932).

Connerton, Paul, How Societies Remember (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989

Cook, Tim, “‘Literary Memorials’: The Great War Regimental Histories, 1919-1939,” Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, New Series, Vol. 13 (2002

Cramm, Richard The First Five Hundred (Albany, N.Y., 1921)

East, Sir Ronald, (ed), The Gallipoli Diary of Sergeant Lawrence of the Australian Engineers - 1st A.I.F. 1915. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1981.

Edmunds {Carrington}, Charles Soldiers from the Wars Returning (London, 1965)

Ekstein, Modris, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989),

Elliott, R.M., ”Newfoundland Politics in the 1920s: The Genesis and Significance of the Hollis Walker Enquiry” in James Hiller and Peter Neary (eds) Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: essays in interpretation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980

Essays on the Great War. Newfoundland and Labrador Studies, Faculty of Arts, Memorial University of Newfoundland 2014.  James Feehan -- The "race of honour": an analysis of enlistments and casualties in the Armed Forces of Newfoundland: 1914-1918 / Christopher A. Sharpe -- War, memory, and the Newfoundland Regiment at Gallipoli / P. Whitney Lackenbauer -- Romancing Newfoundland: The art of fiction in David Macfarlane's The Danger Tree / Helene Staveley -- Glorious tragedy: Newfoundland's culture memory of the attack at Beaumont Hamel, 1916-1925 / Robert J. Harding -- Out of a clear sky: the mobilization of the Newfoundland Regiment, 1914-1915 / Mike O'Brien -- 'The right course, 'the best course, 'the only course: Voluntary recruitment in the Newfoundland Regiment, 1914-1918 / Chris Martin -- "Just the kind of girl who would want a chap to be a man": Constructions of gender in the war stories of Tryphena Duley / Sonj Boon -- "A real record for all time": Newfoundland and Great War official history / Melvin Baker and Peter Neary -- Review essay. In search of the Fighting Newfoundlander / Maarten Gerritsen.

Facey-Crowther, David. (Editor). Better Than the Best: The Story of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment 1795-1995. N.L.: The Royal Newfoundland Regiment Advisory Council, 1995

Facey-Crowther, David R. (ed.),Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment (Montreal, 2001)

Fentress, James and Wickham, Chris, Social Memory (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1992

Frye, Northrup,Anatomy of Criticism: Four EssaysAnatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. (Princeton, 1957)

Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1977)

Gallishaw, John, Trenching at Gallipoli (St. John’s, 2005)

Gilles, John R., AMemory and Identity: The History of a Relationship@ in John R. Gilles, (ed) Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Gillon, Captain Stair, The Story of the 29th Division: A Record of Gallant Deeds. London: Thomas

Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1925.

Gooch, John ”Attitudes to War in Late Victorian and Edwardian England” in War and Society: A Yearbook of Military History. Edited by Brian Bond and Ian Roy. 88-102

Graves, Sandham The Lost Diary. Victoria: B.C. King=s Printer, 1941

Gregory, Adrian, The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day, 1919-1946 (Oxford: Berg, 1994),

Gwyn, Sandra. Tapestry of War: A Private View of Canadians in the Great War. Toronto: Harper Collins Publishers Ltd., 1992.

Halbwachs, Maurice, On collective memory, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1992

Harding, Robert J. ”Glorious Tragedy: Newfoundland’s Cultural Memory of the Battle of Beaumont Hamel, 1916-1925” Newfoundland and Labrador Studies (2006)

Historical Atlas of Canada

Hynes, Samuel, A War Imagined: The First World War in English Culture (New York: Atheneum, 1991

Hobsbawm, Eric J., ”Introduction: Inventing Traditions,” in The Invention of Tradition, Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, Eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995),

Hobsbawm, Eric J., Nations and Nationalism since 1870: Programme, Myth, and Reality (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990

Inglis, Ken, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape (2^nd Ed; Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1999)

Keegan, John. The Face of Battle London: Jonathan Cape, 1976

Keegan, John, The First World War London: Hitchinson, 1998.

Kogl, Dorothy ”The Myth of the War Experience” Relevance: The Journal of the Great War Society Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1992/3),

Lackenbauer, P. Whitney, ”Romancing Newfoundland: The art of fiction in David MacFarlane’s The Danger Tree"In Essays on the Great War.

Lackenbauer, P. Whitney ”War Memory and the Newfoundland Regiment at Gallipoli,” in Journal of Newfoundland Studies, Vol.15 No.2, Fall 1999.

Laquer, Thomas W. "Memory and Naming in the Great War" in John R. Gilles, (ed) Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Laquer, Thomas ”The Past’s Past” a review of Jay Winter Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History in The London Review of Books, 19 September 1996. 3-7

Le Goff, Jacques, History and Memory (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992

Leed, Eric J. No Man’s Land: Combat & Identify in World War I (Cambridge, 1979)

Lind, Frank. The Letters of Mayo Lind. St. John’s: Robinson & Co. Limited, 1919.

Liveing, Edward, G.D., Attack: An Infantry Subaltern's Impressions of July 1st, 1916. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918.

Lucas, Sir Charles, The Empire at War, II (Oxford, 1923)

MacDonald, Ian D.H., "To Each His Own": William Coaker and the Fisherman's Protective Union in Newfoundland Politics, 1908-1925. Edited by J.K. Hiller. St. John's, Newfoundland: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1987.

Macdonald, Lyn 1914-1918. Voices & Images of the Great War. Penguin, 1991

Major, Kevin. No Man’s Land. Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997.

Mark VII, A Subaltern on the Somme in 1916. London and Toronto: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1927

McFarlane, David The Danger Tree: Memory, War and the Search for a Family’s Past, (2^nd Ed; Toronto: Vintage, 2000),

Middlebrook, Martin, The First Day on the Somme: 1 July 1916 (Penguin, 1984)

Miller, Elizabeth Russell. Arms and the Newfoundlander: Poetry of the Great War.St. John's: H.

Cuff Publications, 1994.

Morris, Edward, Report of the Prime Minister on his Visit to the Newfoundland Soldiers in France, July 1916 (St. John’s: Herald Print, 1916)

Murphy, Gavin. ”The Royal Newfoundland Regiment: Fallen Heroes of Beaumont Hamel”, The Atlantic Advocate. April 1987.

Murphy, Leo C. ”Newfoundland’s Part in the Great War” in Smallwood, Joseph (editor). The Book of Newfoundland, Book of Newfoundland, Volume 1. St. John’s: ????, c.1927.

Murphy, Tony and Kenney, Paul. The Trail of the Caribou: Newfoundland in the First World War, 1914-18. St. John’s: Harry Cuff Publications Ltd., 1991

Nangle, Captain (Reverend) Thomas, C.F. The Trail of the Caribou (1918) np

Neary Peter, Newfoundland in the North Atlantic World, 1929 to 1949 (Kingston; Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988),

Noel, S.R. Politics in Newfoundland (Toronto, 1971)

Nicholson, G.W.L., The Fighting Newfoundlander, Kingston; (Montreal. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006)

O'Brien, Mike, ”’The right course, 'the best course, 'the only course: Voluntary recruitment in the Newfoundland Regiment, 1914-1918” in Essays on the Great War.

Parsons, W. David and Parsons, Ean, The Best Small-Boat Seamen in the Navy (2009)

Parsons, W. David. Pilgrimage Guide to the Royal Newfoundland Regiment in World War I. St. John’s: Creative Publishers, 1994.

Riggs, Bert, Grand Bank Soldier: the war letters of Lance Corporal Curtis Forsey (2007)

Riggs, Bert and Rompkey, William Your daughter, Fanny: the war letters of Francis CluettVAD (2006)

Sharpe, Christopher A., ”The ‘Race of Honour’: An Analysis of Enlistment and Casualties in the Armed Forces of Newfoundland: 1914-1918" Newfoundland Studies 4, 1, (1988)

Shipley, Robert, To Mark Our Place: A History of Canadian War Memorials (Toronto: N.C. Press, 1987

Staveley, Helena ”Glorious tragedy: Newfoundland's culture memory of the attack at Beaumont Hamel, 1916-1925” In Essays on the Great War.

The Long Carry: The Journal of Stretcher Bearer Frank Dunham 1916-18. Edited by R.H. Haigh and P.W. Turner. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

The Times History of the War Volume XIV. London: The Times, 1918.

Thomson, Denise ”National Sorrow, National Pride: Commemoration of War in Canada, 1918-1945,” Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Winter 1995-96),

Vance, Jonathan, Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995)

Vance, Jonathan, Maple Leaf Empire: Canada, Britain, and Two World Wars (Oxford, 2012)

Vance, Jonathan ”The Soldier as Novelist: Literature, History and the Great War,” Canadian Literature, Issue 179 (Winter 2003)

Vaughan Edwin Campion, Some Desperate Glory: The World War I diary of a British officer, 1917. New York: Henry Holt and Company

Warren, Gale Denise. ”The Patriotic Association of the Women of Newfoundland:1914-1918,”Newfoundland Quarterly, Vol. XCII, No.1, (Summer 1998).

Williamson, Henry, A Soldier's Diary of the Great War. London: Faber & Gwyer, 1929

Winter, Denis, Death’s Men: Soldiers of the Great War (Penguin, 1987)

Winter, Jay, "The Generation of Memory: Reflections on the 'Memory Boom' in contemporary Historical Studies", Canadian Military History vol 10, No. 3, Summer 2001, 57-66

Winter, Jay, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History. (New York: University of Cambridge Press, 1995),

Unpublished Papers, Conference Papers, Essays, Theses, Addresses

Bassler, Gerhard, ”Newfoundland’s Enemy Within: Phantom or Reality? Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Churchill, Jason L. ”`No Surrender Until Prussian Militarism is Crushed’: The Loyal Orange Association in Newfoundland and the First World War Effort”, Honours Essay: Department of History Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1996.

Churchill, Jason L. ”The Conscription Crisis: Baymen versus Townie??? Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Day, Douglas Graham. ”A Well Run Dry: The Royal Newfoundland Regiment and the Conscription Crisis of 1917-1918". Unpublished BAH Essay; MUN, 1981

Duley, Margot Iris, ”The Women’s Patriotic Association and World War One: From Mothers of the Regiment to Homemakers of the Nation”, Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Facey-Crowther, David R. ”A time to Remember” Address to the Newfoundland Museum,1998

Facey-Crowther, David R. ”Better than the Best: The Newfoundland Regiment and the Battle of Beaumont Hamel” Relevance, 1998

Facey-Crowther, David R. ”Don’t Let the Old Flag Fall: War, Remembrance and National Identity: Newfoundland 1916-1934” Paper. British World Conference. Calgary, 2003.

Facey-Crowther, David R. ”For King and Country: The Newfoundland Regiment and the Battle of Beaumont Hamel 1 July 1916” Great War Western Front Association Conference. Washington. D.C. 1993

Facey-Crowther, David R. ”Home is where the heart is: Newfoundland Soldiers in the Great War” Mars Ascendant: Conference on World War I. University College of Northampton and Imperial War Museum.

Facey-Crowther, David R. ”War and Remembrance: Newfoundland and the Great War”, Interdisciplinary Conference on the Great War. Fort Hays State University. April 1996

Facey-Crowther, David R. ”War and Remembrance in Newfoundland: The Apotheosis of the Fallen” Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. November 1998

Fitzgerald, John, ”Dying ‘Beyond our Means’: Newfoundland’s First World War Debts, its Loss of Self-Government, and Confederation” Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Keough, Glen. "Imperial Defense and the Formation of the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve," Honours Essay. Department of History. Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1990

Mackenzie, Daniel, ”Silent Dominion: Newfoundland and the Paris Peace Conference, 1919” Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

MacLeod, Malcolm and Bartlett, Jason, ”Monument in Spirit (And Stone): Memorial College as a commemoration in the utilitarian mode, serving the living while honouring the dead”, Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Miller, Elizabeth, ”Arms and the Newfoundlander: Poetry of the Great War”, Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

O’Brien, Patricia, The Newfoundland Patriotic Association: The Administration of the War Effort, 1914-1918. Masters’ Thesis, Department of History, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1982.

O’Neill, Paul, ”St. John’s and the Great War”, Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Parsons, Andrew Morale and Cohesion in the Newfoundland Regiment. Masters’ Thesis, History Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1995.

Parsons, W. David, ”The Spanish Lady and the Newfoundland Regiment” Unpublished paper. Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Riggs, Bert, "Cast in Metal, Carved in Stone: The Building of Newfoundland's National War Memorial." Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Snelgrove, George ”Shipping, Shipowners and Fish Merchants: A Study of the Newfoundland Codfish Export Trade, 1914-1923.”. Honours Thesis. Department of History, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1993.

Warren, Gale, ”’To do their bit’” The Women’s Patriotic Association and the Newfoundland War Effort” Newfoundland and the Great War Conference. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998

Newspapers

Evening Telegram, ”First Newfoundland Regiment – Casualty List,” 6 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”When Shall Their Glory Fade?” 6 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Killed in Action,” 7 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Message from the Premier,” 8 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Are we Rowing Our Weight in the Boat?” 14 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Beaumont Hamel,” 28 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Official Report to His Excellency,” 29 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Meeting of the Patriotic Women re: WW1 Effort,” 22 July 1916.

Evening Telegram, ”Official Report to His Excellency,” 29 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Are we Rowing Our Weight in the Boat?” 14 July 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Soldiers’ Letter from France,” 22 July 1916***

Evening Telegram, ”One of the Finest Charges,” 28 July 1916.

Evening Telegram, ”Letter From a Plucky Survivor,” 31 July 1916.

Evening Telegram, ”The Brigadier-General’s Tribute,” 10 August 1916

Evening Telegram, ”Editorial” 2 July 1919.

Evening Telegram, ”Poem Beaumont Hamel by A.J. O’Reilly,” 3 July 1920

Evening Telegram, ”Governor’s Address,”5 July 1920

Evening Telegram, ”Governor’s Panegyric ”, 4 July 1921

Evening Telegram, 3 July 1922

Evening Telegram, 1 July 1924.

Evening Telegram, ”Editorial,” 3 July 1923

Evening Telegram, ”Unveiling Ceremony of Newfoundland’s War Memorial,” 3 July 1924

Evening Telegram, 10 November, 1924

Evening Telegram,”Editorial,” 4 July 1925

Evening Telegram, ”Commemoration Day Ceremonies”, 5 July 1926

Evening Telegram, 8 July, 1929

Evening Telegram, 6 July, 1940

Evening Telegram 1 July 1966

Evening Telegram 8 July 1966

The Daily News, 3 July 1916

The Daily News, ”Our Noble Dead,” 7 July 1916

The Daily News, 8 July 1916, ”The Thoughts of Theobold”,

The Daily News, 9-11 July 1916

The Daily News, ”The Great Push: A Newfoundland Officer’s Experience,” 21 July 1916.

The Daily News, ”That Never-To-Be-Forgotten Day,” 28 July 1916.

The Daily News, ”Our Regiment Covered in Glory,” 13 July 1916

The Daily News, ”The Immortal Honour Roll,” 27 July 1916

The Daily News, ”How the Battle was Fought – Outline of the Advance,” 31 July 1916.

The Weekly Advocate, ”Official Casualty List, First Newfoundland Regiment,” 6 July 1916

The Weekly Advocate, ”Official Casualty List, First Newfoundland Regiment,” 10 July 1916

The Weekly Advocate, 24 July 1916

The Western Star, ”Greater Love Hath No Man,” 12 July 1916

The Western Star, ”Thy Will; Not Ours,” 19 July 1916

The Western Star, ”The Charge of the Newfoundland Regiment,” 16 August, 1916.

Periodicals

Bannister, Jerry, ”Making History: Cultural Memory in Twentieth Century Newfoundland,” Newfoundland Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 2002),

Major B. Butler, ”Raid of June, 1916", The Veteran Magazine (December 1921

No. 142 [Capt. J.C.J. Fox?] ”From Pleasantville to Englebeimer”, The Veteran (April 1928),

Major A. Raley, ”Beaumont Hamel”, The Veteran Magazine (September, 1921)

Major R.H. Tait, ”The Royal Newfoundland Regiment at Cambrai”, The Veteran Magazine (April 1922)

”Editorial” and ”What the Great Western Front Association has accomplished”, The Veteran Magazine, Vol 1. September 1921 No. 3

MSS

Centre for Newfoundland Studies Archives (CNSA),Papers of Thomas Nangle, Newfoundland Regiment, MF 308

Letter Launce Pike dated February 9, 1972

Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador (PANL) Aa-2-4 War Diaries. Entry I July 1916.

FILM

Coultas, Bill. (producer) ”I Remain Your Loving Son,” St. John’s: Springwater Productions, 1999.

Gillham, Steve. Battles that Changed the World: The Somme, The Learning Channel, MCMXXCII.

Hollingshurst, Frederick Beaumont Hamel: A Battle Remembered, St. John’s: Memorial University of Newfoundland Television, 1991.

Stevens, Barry. (producer), Newfoundland and the Somme, Toronto: Barna Alper Productions, 1998.

AUDIO

NAC 117216 C07721 (1) Flanders Fields: [background interview] Hadow, A.J. - Royal Newfoundland Regiment - CBC Radio Interview. 1964-05.

MUSIC

Hallett, Bob- Great Big Sea, ”Recruiting Sargent,” on Play. Scarborough: Warner Music Canada Ltd, 1997,) song 10.

Phippard, John. ”An Ode to Newfoundland”, We Will Remain: Patriotic Songs of Newfoundland, St. John’s: Singsong Inc., 1998.

Tickle Harbour, ”The Valley of Killbride,” on Battery Included, St. John’s: Dadyyeen Studios,1998: Found at: http://www.heritage.nf.ca/arts/tickleharbour/battery.html

WEBSITES

Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site, ”Newfoundland and the Great War,” http://www.heritage.nf.ca/greatwar/default.html.

The Royal Newfoundland Regiment Official Web Site -http://www3.nf.sympatico.ca/dmarche

Veteran’s Affairs Web Site - http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/

War Memorial page